1. DIRECT AND INDIRECT NARRATION

 What is narration?

Narration is a topic that deals with the study of expressing the idea of the speaker.

or

The art of reporting the words of a speaker is called Narration.

The Narration can be studied under two groups:-

1) Direct Speech

 2) Indirect Speech

Direct Speech:- In this case we take the exact statement/words of the speaker.

 जब किसी वक्ता के कथन को ज्यों का त्यों उसी के शब्दों में व्यक्त किया जाता है तो उसे Direct Speech कहते हैं।

In this form, the actual words of the speaker are put in quotes “”.

Rama said,” I am very busy now.”

In the above example the Speaker i.e

Rama is known as Reporter,

said is known as Reporting verb and

“I am very busy now.” is known as Reported Speech.

 Ram says," The earth is round". 

Indirect Speech:- In this case we don't express the exact statement/ words of the speaker.

In other words we express the statement of the speaker in our own words.

Direct Speech have two parts:-

1. Reporting Verb

 2. Reported speech/part

1. The finite verb of reporting side which introduces the reported speech is called Reporting Verb.

Reported speech के statment को जिस finite verb से कहना शुरू करते है, reporting Verb कहते हैं।

2  Reported Speech:- The exact statement of the speaker which are put in within Inverted commas are called Reported Speech.

            Reporting side, " Reported speech".

Direct speech 

1. In Direct speech we put the statement of the speaker within Inverted commas.("-----")

2. Comma(,)  is used after Reporting Verb.

3. The first letter of reported speech is always capital letter.

.Changing Direct to Indirect Speech.

 Basic things that have to be changed while converting a Direct speech to an Indirect speech

1. To change the reporting verb according to the reported speech.

Rule:- 01. If Reporting Verb has an Object then

Say	Changes to	Tell
Says	Changes to	Tells
Said	Changes to	Told

Otherwise no change in reporting verb(say).

We use more word according to sentence .

2.To remove the inverted comma’s from the direct speech and replace them with an appropriate conjunction.

Comma and Inverted Commas को remove करके reported Speech के Sentence के अनुसार comma and inverted commas के स्थान पर निम्न शब्दों का प्रयोग करें। 

(I) Assertive sentence--- That

(II) Interrogative sentence

        (a)if/ weather ( Yes/No Interrogative)

        (b) same wh-word ( Wh Interrogative)

(III) Imperative Sentence--to

(IV) Optative Sentence- that

(V) Exclamatory Sentence- that

3. Change of Person:

Reporting Side/Verb के Subject और Object के अनुसार Reported Speech के Subject और Object को निम्न Rules के अनुसार Change करते हैं।   When we are going to change Direct Speech to Indirect Speech then we have to change the Subject and Object  of Reported Speech , according to the the Subject and Object of the Reporting Verb.

                        123/SON

Pronouns are changed according to a rule designated as SON where

• S stands for Subject 
• O stands for Object   
• N stands for No change.

1. First person changes to subject of Reporting Verb
2. Second person changes to Object of Reporting Verb
3. There is no change if it is a Third person

Nominative	Possessive	Objective	Reflexive
I	My	Me	Myself
We	Our	Us	Ourselves
You	Yours	You	Yourself
He	His	Him	Himself
She	Her	Her	Herself
They	Their	Them	Themselves

4. Rules of change of verb or Tense

Rule No.1

If reporting verb is given in Present or Future tense then there will be no change in the verb or tense of Reported speech

Direct: The teacher says, “Gayatri performs on the stage”
Indirect: The teacher says that Gayatri performs on the stage.

Direct: The teacher is saying, “Gayatri performs on the stage”
Indirect: The teacher is saying that Gayatri performs on the stage.

Direct: The teacher  will say, “Gayatri is performing on the stage”
Indirect: The teacher will say that Gayatri is performing on the stage.

 

Rule No.2

If reporting verb is given in Past tense then the tense of the verb of Reported Speech will change into corresponding Past tense.

Direct: The teacher said, “I am suffering from fever.”
Indirect: The teacher said that she was suffering from fever.

Direct: She said to me, “I took the breakfast in the morning”.
Indirect: She told me that she had taken the breakfast in the morning.

Corresponding Changes to past form in an indirect speech from the verb in Reported speech.

1. Simple present changes to Simple Past
2. Present Continuous changes to Past Continuous
3. Present Perfect changes to Past Perfect
4. Present Perfect Continuous changes to Past Perfect Continuous
5. Simple Past changes to Past Perfect
6. Past Continuous changes to Past Perfect Continuous
7. In Future Tense will/Shall changes to would
8. Can changes to Could
9. May changes to Might

 

Some of the exceptional cases of Rule 2

Exception 1: 

If Reporting speech has Universal Truth or Habitual fact then there is no change in the Tense. 

Direct: Our teacher said, “The earth is round”
Indirect: Our teacher said that the earth is round.( Universal Truth)

Direct: Rajiv said to me, “He plays with right hand”
Indirect: Rajiv told me that he plays with the right hand.(Habitual fact)

Exception 2:
If reporting speech has Past Historical Fact then there is no change in the Tense.

Direct: Our teacher said, “Asoka left war after the conquest of Kalinga”.
Indirect: Our teacher said that Asoka left war after the conquest of Kalinga.

Exception 3:
If Reporting speech has two actions to be happening at a time when there is no change in the Tense.

Direct: She said “My wife was making lunch when I was studying”
Indirect: She said that her wife was making lunch when she was studying.

Exception 4:
If Reporting speech has some Imagined Condition then there is no change in the Tense.

Direct: She said, “If I were rich, I would help him.”
Indirect: She said that if she were rich she would help her.

 

Exception 5:
If Reporting speech contains had 3rd form, to-infinitive and would, could, should, must, might, ought to etc. then there is no change in the Tense.

Direct: She said to me, “You should obey your elders.”
Indirect: She told me that I should obey my elders.

Some other small changes that used to take place while changing Direct Speech to Indirect Speech.

Here	Changes to	There
Now	Changes to	Then
This	Changes to	That
These	Changes to	Those
Today	Changes to	That day
To-night	Changes to	That night
Yesterday	Changes to	The previous day
Last night	Changes to	The previous night
Last week	Changes to	The previous week
Tomorrow	Changes to	The next day
Next Week	Changes to	The following week
Ago	Changes to	Before
Thus	Changes to	so
Hence	Changes to	Thence
Hither	Changes to	Thither
Come	Changes to	Go

Note:-An in indirect speech we talk about such incidents that are after the time of reporting and  had happened away from the place of reporting therefore the words that show nearness has to be replaced by the words that show distance.

Some exception in these changes

1.Come is changed to go if there is some word given after come that shows nearness.

2. If this, here and now points to such a thing, place or time that is in front of the speaker then no change takes place in Indirect Narration.