अर्थ की दृष्टि से Sentences को पाँच प्रकारों में बाँटा जा सकता है-
1. Assertive Sentences
2. Interrogative Sentences
3. Imperative Sentences
4. Optative Sentences
5.
Exclamatory
Sentences
Narration के परिवर्तन में इन भेदों का ध्यान
रखना आवश्यक है। बिना वाक्य के प्रकार को पहचाने उसे नियमानुसार नहीं बदला जा सकता
है।
(A) ASSERTIVE SENTENCES
इन वाक्यों के द्वारा किसी बात का
कथन (statement)
ज्ञात होता है।
इस प्रकार के वाक्यों को Indirect
Speech में
बदलने के नियमों का वर्णन इस प्रकार है-
Tenses में परिवर्तन सम्बन्धी नियम
(Rules for the Change of
Tenses)
Rule 1. यदि Reporting Verb, Present (वर्तमान) अथवा Future (भविष्य) Tense में हो तो Reported
Speech के
Verb
के Tense में किसी प्रकार का परिवर्तन नहीं
करते हैं। जैसे-
Direct : Ram
says, "Hari has gone to Agra."
Indirect :
Ram says that Hari has gone to Agra.
1.
Direct
: Sohan will say, "Asha is very
intelligent."
Indirect :
Sohan will say that Asha is very intelligent.
2.
Direct : He
has said to me, "Ravi will join the camp." Indirect : He
has told me that Ravi will join the camp.
NOTE:- say, says या said को Indirect Speech में tell, tells या told में उस समय बदलते हैं, जब इसके बाद Object (कर्म) हो । यदि say, says या said के बाद Object न हो तो उन्हें नहीं बदलते ।
Rule
2. यदि Reporting
Verb, Past Tense (भूतकाल)
में हो,
तो Reported
Speech के
Tense
में परिवर्तन
निम्न प्रकार होता है-
1. Simple Present Tense बदलकर Simple
Past Tense हो जाता है। जैसे-
Direct : Mohan said, "Rakesh tells a lie."
Indirect : Mohan said that Rakesh told a lie.
2.
Present
Continuous या Imperfect को Past Continuous या Imperfect में बदल देते हैं। जैसे-
Direct
: Sohan said to me, "Ram is writing a
book."
Indirect : Sohan told me that Ram was writing a book.
3. Present Perfect Tense को Past
Perfect Tense में बदल देते हैं। जैसे-
Direct :
Sohan said, "Sandhya has completed her work."
Indirect : Sohan said that Sandhya had completed her work.
4. Present Perfect
Continuous को Past Perfect Continuous
में बदल देते हैं। जैसे-
Direct
: He said,
"It has been raining since morning." Indirect : He said that it had been raining since
morning.
5. Past Indefinite को बदल कर Past Perfect Tense में कर देते हैं। जैसे-
Direct : He said, "The horse
died in the night."
Indirect : He said that the horse had died in the night.
6. Past Continuous Tense को Past Perfect Continuous
Tense में बदल देते हैं। जैसे-
Direct
: He said, "The students were learning their lessons."
Indirect : He said that the students had been learning their lessons.
7. Past Perfect Tense तथा Past Perfect Continuous Tense में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है। जैसे-
Direct : They said, "Usha had won the
match."
Indirect : They said that Usha had
won the match.
Direct : She
said, "Asha had been reading for two
hours."
Indirect : She said that Asha had
been reading for two hours.
8.
यदि Reporting Verb भूतकाल (Past
Tense) में हो, तो Reported Speech में आने वाले shall को should एवं will को would में बदल देते हैं। जैसे-
Direct : I said. "I shall play."
Indirect : I said that I should play.
Direct : Anshu said, "Radha will see a
picture,"
Indirect : Anshu said that Radha would see a picture.
9. यदि Reporting Verb भूतकाल (Past Tense) में है, तो Reported Speech में आने वाले *can' को could तथा 'may' को might में बदल देते हैं। पर 'must',
'ought', 'could', 'would', 'might', 'had better' तथा 'used to' में परिवर्तन नहीं होता है। जैसे-
a)
Direct : I
said, "I can jump into the river."
Indirect : I said that I could jump into the river.
b)
Direct :
He said, "The boy may go."
Indirect : He said that the boy
might go.
c)
Direct : The teacher said, "Ram must be
awarded." Indirect : The
teacher said that Ram must be awarded.
d)
Direct :
He said to me, "Ram should have tried harder."
Indirect
: He told me that Ram
should have tried harder.
e)
Direct :
I said, "My teacher used to take class regularly."
Indirect
: I said that my teacher
used to take class regularly.
f)
Direct :
My father said, "The children had better go to bed early."
Indirect : My father said that
the children had better go to bed early.
g)
Direct :
The police officer said. "Everyone ought to obey the rules of the
road."
Indirect : The police officer said
that everyone ought to obey the rules of the road.
Tense सम्बन्धी नियम के अपवाद (Exceptions)
नीचे
लिखी दशाओं में Reporting Verb के Past Tense में होते हुए भी Reported
Speech का Tense नहीं बदलता है -
(a) जब कोई सदा सत्य रहने वाली बात (Universal truth) कही जाय जैसे –
Ø Direct : The
teacher said, "The earth moves round the sun."
Indirect : The teacher said that
the earth moves round the sun.
Ø Direct : He said, "The sun rises in the
east."
Indirect : He
said that the sun rises in the east.
(b)
जब कोई आदत-सम्बन्धी तथ्य (Habitual fact) कहा जाय; जैसे -
Ø Direct : Hari
said to Ravi, "Dogs bark at the strangers." Indirect : Hari told Ravi that dogs bark at the strangers.
Ø Direct : The teacher said, "When the cat
is away, the mice play."
Indirect : The teacher said that when
the cat is away, the mice play.
(2)
जब कोई कहावत (Proverb) कहा जाय; जैसे-
Ø Direct : He said, "Honesty is the best policy."
Indirect : He said that
honesty is the best policy.
CHANGE OF PERSON
Pronouns/Adjectives के परिवर्तन हेतु निम्न तालिका को
ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िये -
|
Person |
Subjective Form |
Possessive Form |
Objective Form |
|
First |
I
We |
My, Mine, Our, Ours |
Me Us |
|
Second |
You |
Your, Yours |
You |
|
Third |
He
She
It
They |
His Her, Hers Its Their |
Him Her It Them |
EXERCISE :1
Change
the following sentences into Indirect Speech:
1.
He said to me, "I
have completed my work."
2.
He said to me,
"You are a genius."
3.
The teacher said to
me, "You always tell a lie."
4.
I said to him,
"You are a good boy."
5.
The boys said to me.
"We shall play a match in the evening."
6.
She said to you,
"You are free to go anywhere."
7.
He said to me, "I
am an honest man."
8.
Hari said to Shyam,
"I shall always help you."
9.
The jailor said,
"The prisoner died in the night."
10.
He said to them,
"You played well."
11.
He said to them.
"You are very cruel."
12.
Sita said to Renu,
"You have failed in your mission."
13.
She said to us,
"You have done well."
14.
Mohan said to Sohan,
"I will never forget you."
15.
Sarala said to her
friend, "I do not believe you."
16.
She said, "He is
not a good boy."
17.
The teacher said to
us, "You must finish your exercises in the period."
18.
I said. "You are
a laborious girl."
19.
The teacher said,
"You should be honest."
20.
The teacher said,
"You always come late, Mohan."
(III) समय
या स्थिति की निकटता सूचक शब्दों को बदलने के नियम
|
Ago |
|
को |
Before |
में बदल देते हैं। |
|
Come |
|
को |
Go |
में बदल देते हैं। |
|
Hence |
|
को |
Thence |
में बदल देते हैं। |
|
Hither |
|
को |
Thither |
में बदल देते हैं। |
|
Here |
|
को |
There |
में बदल देते हैं। |
|
Now |
|
को |
Then |
में बदल देते हैं। |
|
This |
|
को |
That |
में बदल देते हैं। |
|
These |
|
को |
Those |
में बदल देते हैं। |
|
Thus |
|
को |
So |
में बदल देते हैं। |
|
Tonight को That
Night में बदल देते हैं। |
||||
|
Tomorrow को That
Day में बदल देते हैं। |
||||
|
Yesterday को The
Next Day Or The Following Day में बदल देते हैं। |
||||
|
Last Night को The
Previous Night में बदल देते हैं। |
||||
|
Next Month को The
Following Month में बदल देते हैं। |
||||
|
Yesterday Morning को The Previous Morning Or The Morning Before में बदल देते हैं। |
||||
Rule 1. Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त
समय अथवा स्थिति की निकटता (Nearness of time or position) सूचक शब्दों को दूरी
प्रकट करने वाले शब्दों में बदल देते हैं। जैसे-
Direct :
He said to them, "I will leave you now."
Indirect : He told them that he would leave them then.
Direct :
Mohan said to Ram, "I cannot go with you till next Monday."
Indirect : Mohan told Ram that he could not go with him till the following Monday.
Direct :
He said to me, "I came here yesterday."
Indirect : He told me that he had gone there the previous day.
Rule 2.
यदि this, जो कहते समय वक्ता के सामने
उपस्थित हो तो Indirect
बनाते
समय उनमें कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है, बल्कि उन्हें ज्यों का त्यों रख
देते हैं। जैसे-
Direct : He said to me, "This is my
house."
Indirect : He told me that this (the house before him) was his house.
Direct : The leader says, "I am glad to be
here this morning." Indirect : The leader says that he
is glad to be here this morning.
Direct : Hari said to me, "I will do it
now."
Indirect : Hari told me that he
would do it now.
Rule 3. This या these का प्रयोग यदि समय की ओर संकेत के लिए होता है सो Indirect में इनको that
या those में ही बदलते हैं। पर यदि This या these का प्रयोग Adjectives की भाँति हुआ है तो Indirect बनाते समय that
या those के स्थान पर the का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं। जैसे-
|
Direct |
: She said, "We are going for a
picnic this week." |
|
Indirect week.
|
: She said that they
were going for a picnic that |
|
Direct
days."
|
: He said, "I am preparing for
the examination these |
|
Indirect |
: He said that he was preparing for the examination |
those
days.
|
Direct |
: He said, "I have brought this
stick from Nainital." |
|
Indirect |
: He said that he had brought that stick from Nainital. Or He said that he had
brought the stick from Nainital. |
|
Direct Indirect |
: The
typist said, "I have typed all these letters." :
The typist said that he had typed all those letters. |
Or
The
typist said that he had typed all the letters.