Complete बिहार बोर्ड 12th English Solution
- Line by Line Hindi of This lesson,
- All Word Meanings,
- All questions & Answers, and
- Summary Click here - Very easy, Line by Line English and Hindi.
- Most Important objective Questions
Questions & Answers
B.2. Answer the following questions briefly:
1.What, according to the author, is modern civilization?
Ans – According to Mahatma Gandhi modern civilization is the worship of material. It is the worship of brute in us. Modern civilization is unadulterated materialism.
2.What did the author convey to the countrymen about dealing with modern civilization?
Ans – Mahatma Gandhi suggests having faith in God. The countrymen should resist against indefinite multiplicity of human wants.
3.What is the distinguished characteristic of modern civilization?
Ans – the distinguished characteristic of modern civilization is an indefinite multiplicity of human wants.
4.The author perceived danger from modern inventions. How?
Ans – Mahatma Gandhi observes that some of the results of modern inventions are too maddening to resist. According to him we are in danger of bartering away the permanent good for a momentary pleasure.
5.What does the author prefer to materialism?
Ans –Mahatma Gandhi prefers “simple living and high thinking” to materialism. He prefers spiritual and moral progress to materialism.
6.What does our civilization depend upon?
Ans – according to mahatma Gandhi our civilization depends upon restricting wants and self-denial.
7.What is civilization in the real sense of the term?
Ans – Civilization, in the real sense of the term, consists in deliberate and voluntary restrictions of wants.
1.’I BELIEVE that the civilization India has evolved is not to be beaten in the world’. What does Gandhi mean by this statement? Do you subscribe to his views?
Ans – by this statement Gandhi ji tries to say that Indian civilization has abilities to survive in every condition and according to him, since Indian civilization is still alive while other civilizations lost their existence, It means India has some distinguished characteristic which make it unbeatable in the world.
Yes, I subscribe to the views of Gandhi because Indian civilization has some qualities like morality, self-restriction, “simple living and high thinking”, using hands and body instead of machines etc. which make Indian civilization really unbeatable in the world.
2.‘We notice that the mind is restless bird, the more it gets the more it wants, and still remains unsatisfied’.
C.1 Long Answer Questions
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Pick out other metaphors used in the lesson. How do these metaphors help Gandhi in persuading the
readers?
Ans – “anvil of experience”, “sheet anchor” are used as metaphors in this chapter. These metaphors really help Gandhi ji in persuading the readers because when he uses ‘anvil of experience’; it justifies the reason behind believing in our civilization for not adopting other ones because this phrase conveys the reason in the best possible way. In the same way, when it was about expressing the importance of our belief in our civilization he use ‘sheet anchor’ which expresses the value of our hope and readers
connect themselves directly with the desired meaning by the author.
3.‘A man is not necessarily happy because he is rich or unhappy because he is poor. The rich are often seen to be unhappy, the poor to be happy.’ What according to Gandhi holds key to real happiness? How does Gandhi define ‘happiness’?
Ans – according to Gandhi ji, the real key to happiness lies in resisting our wants and denying ourselves. Real happiness doesn’t depend upon worldly materials. So, we don’t need to be materialistic to be happy. Gandhi ji defines happiness as a matter of contentment. If people don’t feel contented with what they already have, they can never be happy having a restless mind. Our desires are limitless so if we start looking for happiness in fulfillment of our wants and desires we shall never achieve happiness.
4.Why did our ancestors feel satisfied with small villages? Did they do the right thing? Will it be wise
today to follow our ancestors in this connection? Give your own view.
Ans – our ancestors were satisfied with small villages because they thought that large cities were a snare and a useless encumbrance and that people would not be happy in them. They further reasoned that there would be gangs of thieves and robbers, prostitution and vice flourishing in them and that poor man would be robbed by rich men. If we consider their time, they did right thing. I think a village life is still peaceful comparatively to the life of a city or metro cities.
5.Discuss the negative features of western civilization.
Ans – There are so many negative features of western civilization –
Western civilization is purely a materialistic civilization. It encourages the materialism, formation and expansion of cities. Western civilization is ready for bartering away the permanent good for momentary pleasure. Western civilization worships the material, the brute in us and it is nothing if it doesn’t think at every step of the triumph of material civilization.
6.What is the essential difference between the Indian civilization and the western civilization? How is our civilization superior to the western civilization?
Ans – The essential difference between the Indian civilization and western civilization is that latter is
materialistic while former is spiritual and moral. The tendency of Indian civilization is to elevate the moral being and that of the western civilization is to propagate immorality. The latter is godless; the former is based on a belief in God. Western civilization depends upon multiplying wants – self indulgence, but Indian civilization depends on restricting wants – self-denial. So our civilization is superior to the western civilization because it propagates the spirituality and morality.
7. A certain degree of physical harmony and comfort is necessary but above a certain level it becomes a hindrance instead of help.’ Elaborate.
Ans – we need a number of physical things in our daily life. Using them, we make our life smooth and easier. But it doesn’t mean we should set our hearts after them and become their slaves, because a certain degree of physical harmony and comfort helps us in getting our daily chores in a smart way by saving our time and energy. But above a certain level it becomes hindrance for us by making us lazy and slaves of theirs. We start getting addicted to the use of them.
D. Word Study - Dictionary Use:
Ex.1 Correct the spelling of the following –
Incorrect Correct
Disuaded Dissuaded
Ocupation Occupation
Votries Votaries
Imorality Immorality
Unadultereted Unadulterated
Matarialism Materialism
Beleif Belief
Madening Maddening
Engrev Engrave
Harmoney Harmony
Ex.2 Look up a dictionary and write two meanings of the following word – the one in which it is used in the lesson and the other which is more common:
Word Meaning
Reason: Logic, Purpose
Thinking: Thought, Intelligent
Wants: Need, Wishes
Ruin : Destruction, Spoil
Copy: Follow, Reproduce
Ex.3 Derive abstract Nouns from the words given below and use them (abstract nouns) in as sentences of your own:
Abstract Noun Sentence
Conversion :Conversion of some traditions and rituals is not easy.
Performance :Her dance performance was admirable.
Definition :Write the definition of the following.
Pleasure :We find pleasure in outer world now.
Education :Education can change one’s life completely.
Observation :Write your observations in your notebooks.
Ex.4 Find from the lesson words the meaning of which have been given in Column A. the last part of each word is given in Column B:
Column A
Answers
Someone related who lived long time ago. Ancestor
Of one’s homeland Indigenous
Being a burden to Encumbrance
To spread ideas, beliefs, etc. Propagate
Slow-witted Stolid
Advise against Dissuade
Exchange goods, property etc. Barte
Ex. 5 – Fill in the blanks with suitable words (gerunds) from the given list:
i. Pragya’s writing is not very legible.
ii. The police could not control the maddening crowd.
iii. We are in danger of bartering away the permanent good for a momentary pleasure.
iv. Gandhi always believed in simple living.
v. Amandeep’s thinking was quite logical.
D.4 Use these phrases in sentences of your own –
1.Satisfy with – – people don’t get satisfied with what they already have.
2.Be suited to – – Teacher’s advice was not suited to the students.
3.Believe in – – the People of India believe in moral and spiritual elevation.
4.Cling to – – No one should cling to those practices which are life-corroding.
5.In vain – – Some student’s study was in vain because of their purpose.
E. Grammar
Ex.1. complete the sentences given below by using the
appropriate forms of the verbs given in brackets:
a .Indian civilization and culture has kept it alive till now.
b. I see here ancient India still living.
c. We have borrowed many things from western literature.
d. We have been Copying since long.
e. Arya did speak so.
f. Nehru had written so many letters to his daughter from jail.
Objective Questions
1. .Mahatma Gandhi believes that the civilization India has evolved
– Is not to be beaten in the world
2.The common people lived independently and followed which occupation?
- Agricultural occupation
3.The Indian civilization, as described by Mahatma Gandhi, has been so described by whom?
- Its votaries
4.The tendency of Indian civilization is to elevate what?
- Morality
5.The tendency of the western civilization is to propagate
- Immorality
6.The people of Europe learn their lessons from the writings of –
- Greek & Romans
7.To observe morality is to attain mastery over which thing?
- Our minds and our passions
8.What does the Gujarati equivalent for civilization means?
- Good conduct
9.We notice that the mind is a restless………. the more it, gets the more it ……. and still ……………..
- Bird, wants, remains unsatisfied
10. The more we indulge in our passions, the more what they become?
- Unbridled
11. We have had no system of what in ancient civilization?
- Life corroding competition
12. Our forefathers knew, that, if we set our hearts after materiality, we would become –
- Slaves
13. Our ancestors saw that our real happiness and health consisted in proper use of which thing?
- Hands and feet
14. The distinguishing characteristic of modern civilization is an indefinite multiplicity of which thing?
- Human wants
15. We are in danger of bartering away the permanent good for what?
- Momentary pleasure
16. When was Mahatma Gandhi born?
- 2 October 1869
17. Mahatma Gandhi wrote articles for –
- Young India
18. What is the name of the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi
- My Experiments with Truth
19. When was Mahatma Gandhi died?
- 30 January 1948
20. Mahatma Gandhi used ________________ as chief weapons against the British rule in India
- Truth and Non-violence
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